RESUMO
The metataxonomic diversity and microbial composition of microorganisms during the coffee fermentation process as well as their relationship with coffee quality were determined across 20 farms in the department of Cesar, Colombia, by sampling coffee fruits from Coffea arabica; Var. Castillo General®, Var. Colombia, and Var. Cenicafé 1. In each farm, the fruits were processed and the fermentation process took place between 10 and 42 h following this. Three samples of mucilage and washed coffee seeds were collected per farm during the fermentation process. The microorganisms present in the mucilage were identified using metataxonomic methods by amplifying the 16S rRNA gene for bacteria and ITS for fungi. The microorganisms' morphotypes were isolated and identified. The analysis of bacteria allowed for the identification of the following genera: Gluconobacter, Leuconostoc, Acetobacter, Frateuria, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Tatumella, and Weisella, as well as unclassified enterobacteria; the Lactobacillacea and Secundilactobacillus families were only identified in the Var. Cenicafé 1. For fungi, the top 11 genera and families found included Hanseniaspora, Candida, Meyerozyma, Wickerhamomyces, Pichia, f-Saccharomycodaceae, f-Nectriciae, unclassified fungi, and Saccharomycetaceae, which were only found in Cenicafé 1. A total of 92% of the coffee samples obtained scored between 80.1 and 84.9, indicating "Very Good" coffee (Specialty Coffee Association (SCA) scale). Farms with the longest fermentation times showed better coffee attributes related to acidity, fragrance, and aroma. During coffee fermentation, there is a central microbiome. The differences between the microorganisms' genera could be influenced by the coffee variety, while the specific conditions of each farm (i.e., altitude and temperature) and its fermentation processes could determine the proportions of and interactions between the microbial groups that favor the sensory characteristics responsible for coffee cup quality.
RESUMO
Background: Globally,the need to address strategies for preventing infections associated with health care has increased worldwide. In the city of Valledupar, Colombia, reports of bacteria resistant to chemical or enzymatic biocides in hospital environments and surfaces are increasingly frequent, evidencing the importance of conducting studies aimed at identifying alternative active ingredients for disinfectant products. Objective: Evaluate the in vitro effectiveness of Neem leaves extract over bacteria strains isolated from different areas and surfaces of a health institution in Valledupar, compared to disinfectants for hospital use, an enzymatic detergent, and a commercial chemical disinfectant. Methods: Biocidal activities on bacteria isolated from hospital surfaces, such as Acinetobacter baumanni, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus sp, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were analyzed. The Neem leaves extract was evaluated at concentrations of 3, 4, and 5 % for each bacterium during 15-minute contact time, incubated at 37 °C for 18 hours. We compared two antimicrobial chemicals, a disinfectant (based on formaldehyde, cetrimide, and glutaraldehyde), and an enzymatic detergent (based on protease, lipase, and amylase). Results: The aqueous Neem extract did not show significant differences with the other treatments with 99.48 to 100% inhibition against bacteria of the species Acinetobacter baumanni, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus,and Micrococcus sp.; Bacillus subtilis, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains were the most resistant strains inhibited by enzymatic detergent and disinfectant, respectively. None of the products evaluated were effective against all in vitro strains. Conclusions: These data show Neem's bacteriostatic properties, its potential in in-hospital products and the need to combine different active ingredients in a disinfection plan.
Antecedentes: A nivel mundial ha aumentado la necesidad de abordar estrategias para la prevención de infecciones asociadas a la atención de salud. En la ciudad de Valledupar, Colombia, cada vez son más frecuentes los reportes de bacterias resistentes a biocidas químicos o enzimáticos, en ambientes y superficies hospitalarias, lo cual evidencia la importancia de realizar estudios orientados a la identificación de principios activos alternativos para productos desinfectantes. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad in vitrodel extracto de hojas de Neem en cepas de bacterias aisladas en diferentes áreas y superficies de una institución de salud en Valledupar, en comparación con desinfectantes de uso hospitalario, un detergente enzimático y un desinfectante químico comercial. Métodos: Se analizó la actividad biocida sobre las bacterias aisladas de superficies hospitalarias Acinetobacter baumanni, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus sp, y Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. El extracto de hojas de Neem se evaluó a concentraciones de 3, 4 y 5% para cada bacteria durante un tiempo de contacto de 15 minutos, incubados a 37 ° C durante 18 horas. Se comparó dos productos químicos antimicrobianos, un desinfectante (a base de formaldehído, cetrimide y glutaraldehído), y un detergente enzimático (a base de Proteasa, Lipasa y amilasa). Resultados: El extracto acuoso de Neem no presentó diferencias significativas con los demás tratamientos con inhibición del 99,48 al 100%, sobre bacterias de las especies Acinetobacter baumanni, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus y Micrococcus sp; las cepas Bacillus subtilisy Stenotrophomonas maltophilia fueron las más resistentes a ser inhibidas por el detergente enzimático y el desinfectante, respectivamente. Ninguno de los productos evaluados fue efectivo contra todas las cepas in vitro. Conclusiones: Estos datos evidencian las propiedades bacteriostáticas del Neem, su potencial en productos de uso intrahospitalario y la necesidad de combinar diferentes principios activos en un plan de desinfección.
Assuntos
Humanos , Antibacterianos , Staphylococcus epidermidis , Infecção Hospitalar , Acinetobacter baumanniiRESUMO
The effectiveness of Baubassil®(Beauveria bassiana) on the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was evaluated. In the in vitro phase, the optimal germination temperature of the fungus was determined by microcultures at 25, 30 and 35°C and the mortality of ticks. In the field, in a randomized design, 30 cebuine cows; 15 cows were treated with Baubassil® once a week at a 1×106 conidia/ml, and a control group was left untreated. It was observed that at temperatures of 25, 30 and 35°C, germination of the entomopathogen was 97.5, 94.7 and 6.3%, respectively. In animals treated with Baubassil® obtained a corrected effectiveness of 96.8% on ticks in the fifth week of application. The use of Baubassil® would be a valid alternative for controlling the cattle tick under the agroecological conditions of the Dry Caribbean.
